Wedding
Ceremony Participants
Wedding
Dresses MISSION VIEJO
Wedding
ceremony participants, also referred to as the wedding
party are the people that participate directly in the wedding
ceremony itself.
Depending
on the location, religion, and style of the wedding, this group
may include only the individual people that are marrying, or it
may include one or more brides, grooms (or bridegrooms),
maids of honor, bridesmaids, best men, groomsmen,
flower girls, page boys and ringbearers.
A
woman's bridal party consists of only those on her side
of the wedding party. Those on a groom's side are called his groom's
party.
Bride
A
bride during a traditional Hindu
wedding ceremony in India.
Bride
and groom in traditional Chinese clothing. The bride and
groom wear red or with red decoration, which is associated
with courage, loyalty, honor, success, fortune, fertility,
happiness, and passion in Chinese culture.
The
woman to the far right is wearing a typical wedding dress
from 1929. Up until the late 1930s wedding dresses reflected
the styles of the day. From that time onward, wedding dresses
have been based on Victorian ballgowns.
An
elaborate dress from 1929
A
bride is a woman about to be married or newly-wed.
The
word may come from the Teutonic
word for "cooking".
In Western culture, a bride may be attended by one or more bridesmaids
or maids of honor.
Her
partner, who becomes her spouse after
the wedding, is referred to as the bridegroom (or groom) if male.
Attire
In
Europe and North
America, the typical attire for a bride is a formal dress
and a veil. Usually, in the "white
wedding" model, the bride's dress is bought specifically for
the wedding, and is not in a style that could be worn for any
subsequent events. Previously, until at least the middle of the
19th century, the bride generally wore her best dress, whatever
color it was, or if the bride was well-off, she ordered a new
dress in her favorite color and expected to wear it again.
For
first marriages in Western countries, a white wedding
dress is usually worn, a tradition started by Queen
Victoria's wedding. Through the earlier parts of the 20th
century, Western etiquette prescribed that a white dress should
not be worn for subsequent marriages, since the wearing of white
was mistakenly regarded by some as an ancient symbol of virginity,
despite the fact that wearing white is a fairly recent development
in wedding traditions.
Today, Western brides frequently wear white, cream, or ivory dresses
for any number of marriages; the color of the dress is not a comment
on the bride's sexual history. White wedding dresses are uncommon
in Chinese, Hindu, Vietnamese,
Korean, and Japanese traditions, because white is the color of
mourning and death
in those cultures. In many Asian cultures red is usual for brides,
as this colour indicates vibrance and health and has over time
been associated with brides. However in modern times other colours
may be worn, or Western styles preferred. Regardless of colour
in most Asian cultures bridal clothes are highly decorative, often
covered with embroidery, beading or gold. In some traditions brides
may wear more than one outfit, this is true for example in Japan,
parts of India, and, archaically, in parts of the Arab world.
Particular
styles of jewellery are often associated with bridal wear, for
example wedding rings in most Western cultures, or chura (red
and white bangles) in Punjabi Sikh culture. Wedding jewellery
has traditionally been used to demonstrate the value of the bride's
dowry.
In
addition to the gown, the bride often wears a veil
and carries a bouquet of flowers,
a small heirloom such as a lucky coin, a
prayer book, or other token. In Western countries, the bride may
wear “something old, something new, something borrowed, and something
blue”; a bridal purse (or money
bag) is also common.
History
The
term bride appears in combination with many words, some of them
obsolete. Thus "bridegroom" is the newly married man, and "bride-bell,"
"bride-banquet" are old equivalents of wedding-bells, wedding-breakfast.
"Bridal" (from Bride-ale), originally the wedding-feast
itself, has grown into a general descriptive adjective, the bridal
ceremony. The bride-cake
had its origin in the Roman confarreatio, a form of marriage,
the essential features of which were the eating by the couple
of a cake made of salt, water and spelt
flour, and the holding by the bride of three wheat-ears, a symbol
of plenty.
Queen
Victoria and Prince
Albert possibly recreating a wedding pose from their
1840 wedding for the newly developed art form of photography.
(1854)
The
cake-eating went out of fashion, but the wheat ears survived.
In the Middle Ages they were either worn or carried by the bride.
Eventually it became the custom for the young girls to assemble
outside the church porch and throw grains of wheat over the bride,
and afterwards a scramble for the grains took place. In time the
wheat-grains came to be cooked into thin dry biscuits, which were
broken over the bride's head, as is the custom in Scotland to-day,
an oatmeal cake being used. In Elizabeth's
reign these biscuits began to take the form of small rectangular
cakes made of eggs, milk, sugar, currants and spices. Every wedding
guest had one at least, and the whole collection were thrown at
the bride the instant she crossed the threshold. Those that lighted
on her head or shoulders were most prized by the scramblers. At
last these cakes became amalgamated into a large one that took
on its full glories of almond paste and ornaments during Charles
II's time. But even to-day in rural parishes, e.g. north Notts,
wheat is thrown over the bridal couple with the cry "Bread for
life and pudding for ever," expressive of a wish that the newly
wed may be always affluent. The throwing of rice, a very ancient
custom but one later than the wheat, is symbolical of the wish
that the bridal may be fruitful.
The
bride-cup was the bowl or loving-cup
in which the bridegroom pledged the bride, and she him. The custom
of breaking this wine-cup, after the bridal couple had drained
its contents, is common to the Jewish faith. It is trodden under
foot. The phrase "bride-cup" was also sometimes used of the bowl
of spiced wine prepared at night for the bridal couple. Bride-favours,
anciently called bride-lace, were at first pieces of gold, silk
or other lace, used to bind up the sprigs of rosemary formerly
worn at weddings. These took later the form of bunches of ribbons,
which were at last metamorphosed into rosettes.
The
bride-wain, the wagon in which the bride was driven to
her new home, gave its name to the weddings of any poor deserving
couple, who drove a "wain" round the village, collecting small
sums of money or articles of furniture towards their housekeeping.
These were called bidding-weddings, or bid-ales, which were in
the nature of "benefit" feasts. So general is still the custom
of "bidding-weddings" in Wales, that printers usually keep the
form of invitation in type. Sometimes as many as six hundred couples
will walk in the bridal procession.
The
bride's wreath is a Christian substitute for the gilt coronet
all Jewish brides wore. The crowning of the bride is still observed
by the Russians, and the Calvinists of Holland and Switzerland.
The wearing of orange blossoms is said to have started with the
Saracens, who regarded them as emblems of fecundity. It was introduced
into Europe by the Crusaders. The bride's veil is the modern
form of the flammeum or large yellow veil that completely
enveloped the Greek and Roman brides during the ceremony. Such
a covering is still in use among the Jews and the Persians.
Bridegroom
A
bridegroom in India, wearing silk clothes and a garland
of flowers
Groom
wearing military uniform, with his bride in 1942
A
bridegroom (usually shortened to groom) is
a man who is about to be married,
or who has just been married.
The
word bridegroom is dated to 1604, derived from bride
and the archaic goom, from Old English guma, "boy".
A
bridegroom is typically attended by a best man and groomsmen.
The
style of the groom's clothing depends upon the time of day, the
location of the ceremony, the style in which the ceremony is performed,
and whether the groom is a member of the armed
forces. In most parts of the world, active-duty members of
the military and some law enforcement agencies wear their military
uniforms instead of civilian clothing.
Western
traditions usually have the groom wearing a suit
of an appropriate level of formality to the occasion and the time
of day. In the US, the groom usually wears a dark-coloured suit
(daytime) or tuxedo
(evening) during the wedding ceremony. British tradition requires
groom, male ushers and close male family to wear morning
suits.
In Scotland, a full evening suit is customarily worn for evening
ceremonies, often comprising a kilt.
The
groom usually wears a neckwear that fits the attire he is wearing.
Most grooms will wear bowtie to match their tuxedo or suit as
this is the most formal neckwear in the series.
A cravat is usually
more flamboyant and less formal and is worn with morning suits.
The four
in hand tie is also getting more common due to the variety
that is easily obtainable.
Bridesmaids
Seven
bridesmaids in matching dresses, with the bride
The
bridesmaids are members of the bride's wedding
party in a wedding. A bridesmaid is typically a young woman,
and often a close friend or sister. She attends to the bride
on the day of a wedding
or marriage ceremony.
Traditionally, bridesmaids were chosen from unwed young women
of marriageable age.
The
principal bridesmaid, if one is so designated, may be called the
chief bridesmaid or maid of honor if she is unmarried,
or the matron of honor if she is married. A junior bridesmaid
is a girl who is clearly too young to be marriageable, but who
is included as an honorary bridesmaid.
Often
there is more than one bridesmaid: in modern times the bride chooses
how many to ask. Historically, no person of status went out unattended,
and the size of the retinue was closely calculated to be appropriate
to the family's social status. Then, as now, a large group of
bridesmaids provided an opportunity for showing off the family's
social status and wealth.
The
required duties of bridesmaids are very limited.
They are required to attend the wedding ceremony and to assist
the bride on the day of the wedding. Bridesmaids in Europe and
North America are often asked to assist the bride with planning
the wedding and a wedding
reception. In modern times, a bridesmaid is also typically
asked to play a role in planning wedding-related events, such
as a bridal
shower or bachelorette
party, if there are any. These, however, are optional activities;
according to etiquette expert Judith
Martin, "Contrary to rumor, bridesmaids are not obliged to
entertain in honor of the bride, nor to wear dresses they cannot
afford."
If it is customary in the bride's area to have a bridesmaids luncheon,
then it is hosted, and therefore organized and paid for, by the
bride.
A junior bridesmaid has no responsibilities beyond attending the
wedding.
Since
modern bridesmaids, unlike their historical counterparts, can
no longer rely on having their clothes and travel expenses paid
for by the bride's family, and are sometimes even assessed fees
to pay for parties that the bride wants to have before the wedding,
it has become customary for the bride to present the bridesmaids
with gifts as a sign of gratitude for the support and financial
commitment that comes with their roles. It has become equally
customary for wary women who are invited to serve as bridesmaids
to first ask after the amount of time, energy, and money that
the bride expects from them before accepting this position.
Maid of honor
In
the United
Kingdom, the term "maid
of honour" originally referred to the female attendant of
a queen.
The term bridesmaid is normally used for all bridal attendants
in the UK. However, when the attendant is married, or is a mature
woman, the term matron of honour is often used. The influence
of American English has led to the chief bridesmaid sometimes
being called the maid of honor.
In
North America, a wedding party might include several bridesmaids,
but the maid of honor is the title and position held by the bride's
chief attendant, typically her closest friend or sister. In modern
day weddings some brides opt to choose a long-time male friend
or brother as their head attendant, using the title Best Man
or man of honor.
The
activities of the principal bridesmaid may be as many or as varied
as she allows the bride to impose upon her. Her only required
duty is to participate in the wedding ceremony. Typically, however,
she is asked for help with the logistics of the wedding as an
event, such as addressing invitations, and for her help as a friend,
such as attending the bride as she shops for her wedding dress.
Traditionally,
hosting the bridal shower falls to the mother of the bride. Gifts
are not required of those who attend the shower, however it is
proper etiquette. The shower normally takes place four to six
weeks before the wedding.
On
the day of the wedding, her principal duty is to provide practical
and emotional support. She might assist the bride with dressing
and, if needed, help the bride manage her veil, a bouquet of flowers,
a prayer book, or the train of her wedding dress during the day.
In a double-ring wedding, the chief bridesmaid is often entrusted
with the groom's wedding
ring until it is needed during the ceremony. Many brides ask
bridesmaids, if they are adults,
to be legal witnesses who sign the marriage
license after the ceremony. If there is a reception after
the wedding, the maid of honor may be asked to offer a toast to
the newlyweds.
Origin and history
The
Western bridesmaid tradition is thought to have originated from
Roman
Law, which required ten witnesses
at a wedding in order to outsmart evil spirits (believed to attend
marriage ceremonies) by dressing in identical clothing to the
bride and groom, so that the evil spirits would not know who was
getting married.[citation
needed] Even as late as 19th century England, there
was a belief that ill-wishers could administer curses and taint
the wedding.[citation
needed] In Victorian wedding photographs, for example,
the bride and groom are frequently dressed in the same fashion
as other members of the bridal party.[citation
needed]
Other
people cite the Biblical
story of Jacob, and his
two wives Leah and Rachel,
who both literally came with their own maids
as detailed in the Book
of Genesis (29:24, 46:18) as the origin of bridesmaids. These
women were handmaidens
(servants or slaves) instead of social peers. [citation
needed]
Groomsmen
A
groomsman is one of the male attendants to the bridegroom
in a wedding ceremony. The term usher is more common in
the UK, but in the US such a term would imply that the groom's
friends are less important or honored than the bride's. Usually
the bridegroom selects his closest friends and/or relatives to
serve as a groomsman, and it is considered an honor to be selected.
From his groomsmen, the groom usually chooses one to serve as
best man. The duties of the groomsmen are to help guests find
their places before the ceremony and to participate in the wedding
ceremony.
Additionally,
the groom may request other kinds of assistance, such as planning
celebratory events such as a bachelor
party, also called Stag Night or Buck's Night; helping make
the wedding pleasant for guests by talking with people who are
alone or dancing with unaccompanied guests or bridesmaids, if
there is dancing at a wedding reception; or providing practical
assistance with gifts, luggage, or unexpected complications. Groomsmen
may also participate in local or regional traditions, such as
decorating the newlywed couple's car.
For
a wedding with many guests, the groom may also ask other male
friends and relatives to act as ushers without otherwise
participating in the wedding ceremony; their sole task is ushering
guests to their seats before the ceremony. Ushers may also be
hired for very large weddings.
In
a military officer's wedding, the role of groomsmen is replaced
by swordsmen of the sword honor
guard. They are usually picked as close personal friends of
the groom who have served with him. Their role includes forming
the traditional saber
arch for the married couple and guests to walk through.
Bridegroom-men
and bridesmaids had formerly important duties. The men
were called bride-knights, and represented a survival of the primitive
days of marriage by capture, when a man called his friends in
to assist to kidnap
the bride.
Best man
Best
man is the chief male assistant to the bridegroom at a wedding.
In North America and Europe, the groom extends this honor to someone
who is close to him, generally either a brother or his closest
male friend. When the groom wishes to give this honor to a woman,
she may be termed the best woman or best person,
or may still be referred to as the 'best man'. The bride's equivalent
of the best man is the maid
or matron of honour. A gender-neutral term is honor attendant.
While
the best man's required duties are only those of a friend, in
the context of a western white
wedding, the best man will typically:
-
assist
the groom on the wedding day,
-
keep
the wedding rings safe until needed during the ceremony,
-
act
as a legal witness to the marriage, and
-
make
a toast
to the bride and groom at the reception. (Formerly, the
best man would read out the telegrams of those who couldn't
attend). This is known as the Best Man Speech or toast.
In
the past, the bachelor party was typically scheduled for a convenient
evening during the week before the wedding. A type of farewell
dinner, it was always hosted, and therefore organized and paid
for, by the bridegroom.
Common slang names for this event are bachelor party, stag
do or bucks' night in different parts of the world.
In many areas, this dinner is now most commonly organized by the
best man, and the costs are shared by all of the participants.
The
best man, or honor attendants in general, are not universal customs.
Even in places where a best man is customary, the role may be
quite different when compared to other areas or times.
In
most modern, English-speaking countries, the best man is usually
the groom's closest male friend. Some authors believe that the
best man derives from ancient customs of marriage by kidnapping,
or from defending the bride from would-be kidnappers.
In
Eastern
Orthodox weddings in Greece,
the best man is often also the
koumbaros or religious sponsor, and is traditionally the groom's
godfather.
The koumbaros (or koumbara, if a woman) is an honored participant
who crowns the couple and participates in circling the altar three
times. In some areas, this person also pays for all the wedding
expenses.
In
Ukraine a best man
is responsible for guarding the bride during the wedding festivities.
When he or the groom steps away, the bride gets "kidnapped" or
has a shoe stolen. Then the groom or the best man must pay a ransom
in exchange for returning the bride, usually by paying money (which
is given to the bride) or by doing something embarrassing.
In
Uganda a best man is
expected to guide the newlyweds in the ways of marriage. This
means that ideally a best man must be married, preferably to one
wife and should be in position to give sound, tried and tested
advice. A best man must be a confidant
and be discreet about the details he shares with the new couple.[citation
needed]
In
Bhutan the best man
presents himself at the wedding as a ceremonial guardian to both
bride and groom. Thereafter he entertains the guests, sometimes
for several hours.
Flower girls
A
flower girl is a participant in a wedding
procession. Like ring bearers and page boys, flower girls are
usually members of the bride's or groom's extended family, but
may also be friends.
Typically,
the flower girl walks in front of the bride during an entrance
processional. She may spread flower petals
on the floor before the bride
or carry a bouquet
of flowers or thornless roses.
Once the processional is over, a young flower girl will sit down
with her parents. If the ceremony will not be particularly long,
an older child may prefer to quietly stand at the altar with the
other honor attendants.
Because
very young children are overwhelmed by the duties, and older girls
may feel insulted by a "baby" role, the recommended age is between
four and eight years of age,
or even older, if not offensive to the girl's feelings.
There
may be more than one flower girl, particularly if the bride has
several young relatives to honor. This practice is more common
at British royal
weddings, at elaborate weddings modeled after royal weddings,
or at Victorian-themed weddings.
Historically,
the clothing was provided by the families of the bride and groom,
but most modern couples expect the parents of the flower girl
to pay for her clothing and other expenses related to her participation.
Her
male equivalent is the ringbearer or page
boy. Often the ringbearer and the flower girl are made to
look like a couple, and they may be dressed in miniature versions
of the bride's and groom's clothes.
Page
boys, coinbearers and ringbearers
A
page boy is a young male attendant at a wedding
or cotillion.
This type of wedding attendant is less common than it used to
be, but is still a way of including young relatives or the children
of relatives and friends in a wedding. A page is often seen at
British royal weddings. There may be many pages for effect at
cotillions.
Traditionally,
page boys carry the bride's train, especially if she is wearing
a dress with a long train. Because of the difficulty of managing
the train, page boys are generally no younger than age seven,
with older boys being preferred for more complicated duties.
A
ringbearer holding a wedding ring on a cushion.
In
a formal wedding, the ring bearer is a special page who
carries the wedding rings for the bridal party. This is almost
always symbolic, with the ring bearer carrying a large white satin
pillow
on which imitation rings are sewn, while the real wedding bands
are kept in the safekeeping of the best
man. If the real rings are used, they are tacked
on with thread to prevent their accidental loss.
The
ringbearer as a separate role is a relatively modern innovation.
In today's common wedding ceremony, the best man carries the rings.
Ring
bearers are often nephews or young brothers (although they can
also be nieces or sisters) and are generally in the same age range
as flower girls, which is to say that they are no younger than
about 5 nor older than 10.
If the couple have had children prior to marriage, their own child(ren)
may serve as ring bearer.
The
coinbearer is similar to that of the ringbearer. The coin
bearer is a young boy who marches on the wedding aisle to bring
the wedding coins. The wedding coins are more commonly known as
wedding
arrhae.[unreliable
source?]. The coins are presented to the celebrant
for a blessing. The coins usually consist of thirteen gold and
silver coins, to represent Jesus and his apostles.[citation
needed] Historially, Spanish colonizers started
this custom.[citation
needed]
Officiant/Celebrant
In
the United States, Canada and many other countries around the
world, a celebrant is a person who performs religious or
secular celebrancy
services for weddings, funerals, child namings, coming of age
ceremonies, and other rituals.
Some
Celebrants are ordained clergy, while others are Officiants empowered
by the Humanist
Association of Canada (HAC), the American
Humanist Association (AHA), or the Society
for Humanistic Judaism. (SHJ). In Australia, where Celebrants
are commonly hired, they may be certified by any one of a number
of Celebrancy training programs, while in the UK, most belong
to one of a number of Humanist
organizations, including the British
Humanist Association and the Humanist
Society of Scotland.
Celebrants
may perform alternative and nontraditional ceremonies in places,
and under circumstances where mainstream religious clergy
will not. Some Celebrants perform same-sex
weddings and commitment
ceremonies. Celebrants, also called Officiants,
often perform ceremonies in parks, on beaches, on mountains, on
boats, on hiking trails, in hotels, in banquet halls, in private
homes, and many other places.
Laws
in each state of the United States vary about who has the ability
to perform wedding ceremonies, but Celebrants or Officiants are
usually categorized as "clergy" and have the same rights and responsibilities
as ordained clergy. In Canada
and in the US
States of Massachusetts,
Connecticut,
District
of Columbia, Iowa, New
Hampshire and Vermont,
the only places in North
America where same-sex
marriages are legalized, Celebrants and Officiants perform
many LGBT weddings. As of
2010, Same-sex
marriage are also legally performed in seven countries in
Europe including Belgium,
Iceland, The
Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain,
Sweden and one country
in Africa, namely South
Africa.
In
Scotland, since
a June 2005 ruling by the Registrar General, humanist weddings
are now legal, providing that they are conducted by an Authorized
Celebrant of the Humanist
Society of Scotland making Scotland one of only three countries
in the world where this is the case. (The other two are the USA
and Norway.)
Celebrants
differ from Chaplains
in that Celebrants serve the unaffiliated public at large, while
Chaplains are usually employed by an institution such as a hospital
or other health care facility, the military, etc.
In
Australia, Celebrants have a slightly different role, as regulated
by local and national laws. See Celebrant
(Australia) for more information.
In
the United States, Celebrants are professional ceremony officiants
who believe in the power and effectiveness of ceremony and ritual
to serve basic needs of society and the individual. They collaborate
with their clients to create and perform personalized ceremonies
that reflect the client’s beliefs, philosophy of life, and personality;
not the Celebrant’s. See Celebrant
(United States) for more information.
In
Quaker
weddings the couple marry each other with no third party officiating.